James Stockdale, the United States Navy Vice Admiral and aviator was awarded the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War, during which he was a prisoner of war for over seven years and survived when so many others did not. The balance of optimism with realism during these challenging times is the way business leaders can win. We need to find a way not to be pessimistic, but also balance realism with optimism.Īs William Arthur Warn said: The pessimist complains about the wind the optimist expects it to change the realist adjusts the sails. During these challenging COVID-19 times, it’s critical to strike the right adaptive mindset and not over- or under-react. I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.As business leaders, our goal is always to lead our teams to success.
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The authors have declared no competing interest. These results are discussed in terms of self-esteem protection and the psychological threat reduction mechanism. The exceptions are those who have known personally someone who has died from a coronavirus infection. However, in situations where we have little influence on the occurrence of the event, the participants do not show UO. We show that UO towards contracting COVID-19 persists throughout the pandemic. Our research aimed at verifying whether UO persists during the second (Study 1) and the third wave (Study 2) of the pandemic in Poland, whether it concerns the assessment of the chances of COVID-19 infection (Study 1 and Study 2), the chances of severe course of the disease and adverse vaccine reactions (Study 2).
However, the Weinstein model suggests that this tendency may not persist as the pandemic progresses. Research conducted at the outset of the pandemic shows that people are vulnerable to unrealistic optimism (UO).
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